|
Quick Links Related Websites |
March 14, 2003 Defects in Ethylene-Propylene Copolymer Crystals Drive Change in Lattice GeometryW. Hu1, S. Srinivas1, and E.B. Sirota2 By using x-ray light generated by the National Synchrotron Light Source, Exxon Mobil Corporation scientists have undertaken the challenging task of determining how defects affect the structure of crystals. Combining the power of wide-angle x-ray scattering and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, the scientists have shown how the incorporation of methyl branches in polyethylene crystals affect their transition from an orthorhombic to a hexagonal phase.
In polymer crystals, scientists distinguish two types of defects, called dynamic and static. Dynamic defects are thermally-activated, large-amplitude chain motions that facilitate the deformation and mechanical damping of the crystals, whereas static defects are mostly due to the non-regularity of monomer units along polymer chains. One example of static defect is that in ethylene (C2H4) copolymers, especially ethylene-propylene (EP) copolymers. By copolymerizing ethylene and propylene (C3H6), the polymer chain has mostly (CH2)n units with randomly placed methyl (CH3) side groups or branches. EP and other such "defected" polyethylenes, called linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), are of substantial commercial importance, with an annual U.S. production of more than 3.5 million tons. With increasing defect concentration in the crystal, the crystalline lattice changes from an orthorhombic phase, with little or no methyl branches, to a hexagonal phase, with more methyl branches. We studied the structure of static defects in EP copolymers at beamline X10A using wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and found that chain motion in the crystal may serve as an important connection between the defect structure and change in the crystalline lattice.
WAXS data of a series of EP samples (Figure 1) show that the area per chain of the orthorhombic phase increases at increasing methyl branch content, and that the hexagonal phase emerges when the fraction of backbone carbons containing a methyl branch is larger than 0.095.
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of several EP samples (figure 2) show that the isotropic chemical shift (ICS), which is the slight difference between the intrinsic frequency at which each sample resonates and the frequency imposed by the NMR apparatus, changes from 32.8 parts per million (orthorhombic phase) to 33.4 parts per million (typical of rotator phase) at increasing propylene content. This can be interpreted as an increase in rotational freedom at higher defect levels, which occurs simultaneously with the expansion of the crystalline lattice seen in figure 1. In the rotator phase, each chain has approximate rotational symmetry, and thus the packing of the chains is naturally hexagonal. So, the rotator phase observed by NMR should be the hexagonal phase detected by WAXS. Combining the observations from the two techniques, we propose the following picture that seems to connect the observations for defect, molecular motion, and lattice geometry. In the polyethylene crystals that do not contain methyl branches, the motion of the chains is a 180-degree flip, followed by a slip by half the distance of a repeat unit. In crystals containing methyl branches, pure flip becomes less favorable because local segments containing methyl branches do not have the flip-and-slip symmetry as an ethylene chain without methyl branches. As a result, a certain amount of rotation is added to the motional mode. Since this component gives chains more cylindrical symmetry, it causes the lattice change from orthorhombic toward hexagonal. Eventually, the increase in rotation amplitude leads to the transition to the rotator/hexagonal phase. BEAMLINE FUNDING PUBLICATION FOR MORE INFORMATION |
The National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory in New York, is a national user research
facility funded by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Basic Energy Science. The NSLS operates two electron
storage rings: an X-Ray ring and a Vacuum UltraViolet (VUV) ring which provide intense light spanning the electromagnetic
spectrum from the infrared through x-rays. Each year over 2300 scientists from universities, industries and government
labs perform research at the NSLS.
Privacy and Security Notice | Contact Webmaster
Defects exist in all crystalline materials and exert a
substantial effect on their physical and mechanical properties. The
structure of defects in large-molecule crystals, such as polymers,
is highly complex. So, many experimental and theoretical
investigations have been and are still being very actively pursued.
The hexagonal phase has an area per chain of 21Å2, about 14
percent greater than that of the orthorhombic phase. The increased
area in the hexagonal phase is probably due to a decrease in packing
density caused by disorder and not merely due to lower density
caused by packing of the branched chains. The abrupt change of area
per chain upon the transition from an orthorhombic to a hexagonal phase
indicates that the hexagonal phase is a distinct phase, rather than
an inherently orthorhombic phase with a hexagonal geometry.