July 23, 2003
A Synchrotron WAXD Study on the Early Stages of Coagulation During PBO Fiber Spinning
S. Ran1, C. Burger1, D. Fang1, X. Zong1, B. Chu1, B.S. Hsiao1, Y. Ohta2, K. Yabuki2, and P.M. Cunniff3
1Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY;
2Toyobo Research Center Co. Ltd., Katata, Ohtsu, Shiga 520-0292, Japan;
3Department of the US Army, Soldier and Biological Chemical Command, Natick, MA
The structural development at the very early stages of the coagulation process during PBO fiber spinning was investigated using synchrotron wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). PBO was found to segregate into the PPA-free domains immediately upon the contact with water. Our results confirmed the hypothesis that the first step of coagulation process during spinning was the formation of pure PBO stacks, with interstack order being formed later.
Poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) (PBO) fiber is known to be the strongest commercial
synthetic polymer fiber. Its excellent mechanical properties and
superb thermal stability make PBO the optimum material for high
performance applications like lightweight bulletproof vests, helmets,
and fire-resistant suits. The manufacturing process for PBO fibers
involves dry-jet wet-spinning from a polymer solution in
poly(phosphoric acid) (PPA). After spinning, the fiber is coagulated
in water to remove the PPA component. Although the coagulation
process was found to strongly affect the final PBO fiber properties,
the structural evolution during the coagulation process had never
been fully understood. In this work, a gel spinning apparatus was
modified to study the fiber during coagulation with time resolution
as short as 0.03 sec. The PBO/PPA dope was spun at 160 ºC.
Two-dimensional wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) images were
recorded using a CCD X-ray detector at beamline X27C.
Figure 1 shows the one-dimensional equatorial scattering profiles of the PBO
filament before coagulation and at different coagulation times. Two
scattering peaks were found on the equator before coagulation
(Figure 1A), corresponding to d-spacings of 9.67 Å and 4.45 Å,
respectively. These two equatorial peaks suggest that the molten
dope structure is not simply nematic. The second peak was much
stronger than the first one, excluding the possibility of a
hexagonal-like disordered close packing. We attributed this
structure to a “biaxial nematic” order, where the mesogenic unit was
a well-defined complex between PBO and PPA molecules. After the
fiber passed through the water bath, even if the coagulation time
was as short as 0.03 sec (Figure 1B), an additional peak at d = 3.36
Å appeared, which corresponded to the eventual 010 reflection of the
final PBO crystal structure, implying that PPA-free stacks of flat
PBO molecules had been formed immediately at the very beginning
(0.03 sec) of the coagulation process. With increasing coagulation
time, this peak became stronger, indicating that more PPA-free PBO
regions had been formed.
We did not, however, observe the appearance of the 200 reflection of the final PBO crystal (d = 5.46 Å), even after the short coagulation time of 0.3 sec. This result confirms that the first step of coagulation is the formation of face-to-face stacks of PBO molecules on top of each other, separated by a 3.36 Å spacing. There is no significant lateral packing order between these stacks at this early stage of the coagulation, as shown schematically in Figure 2A. We assume that, after the PBO stacks accumulate to a certain critical fraction, the lateral packing ordering between the stacks would be formed, resulting in the appearance of the 200 reflection. When coagulation time is long enough, such that all of the PPA solvent is washed away, a (2-10) reflection will be observed, indicating that the order in the fiber cross section is no longer of short range nature only, but that a two-dimensional lattice with a certain degree of long-range order has been formed (Figure 2B).
BEAMLINE
X27C
FUNDING
The U.S. Army Research Office
National Science Foundation
US Department of Energy
Toyobo, Inc. Japan.
PUBLICATION
S. Ran, C. Burger, D. Fang, X. Zong, B. Chu, B. S. Hsiao, Y. Ohta,
K. Yabuki and P. M. Cunniff, “A Synchrotron WAXD Study on the Early
Stages of Coagulation during PBO Fiber Spinning”, Macromolecules,
2002, 35(27), 9851-9853