Recent years have seen a booming increase in activity in nanoscience which has become one of the large programs within DOE aimed at identifying research directions that would have a major impact on rapidly promoting the achievement of energy sustainability. Some perspectives will be given on the role of science and technology through the development of advanced materials, nanomaterials, and the operation/utilization of the DOE nanocenters and the DOE User Facilities in this venture. But this is not enough. To be successful in reaching energy sustainability, science and technology, which form two vertices on the energy hexagon must work harmoniously with the other four vertices: industry, economics, politics, and society, to bring about the transformation of today's dissipative energy economy of the 20th century to a sustainable economy within the 21st century.
